Writing Great Questions
From QualtricsWiki
Writing great questions is an art that, like all arts, requires a great amount of work, practice, and help from others. The following discussion provides an overview of the common pitfalls we often see in bad questionnaires. Avoid these pitfalls and you are well on your way to creating a great questionnaire.
- Avoid loaded or leading words or questions. Slight wording changes can produce great differences in results. The words could, should, and might all sound almost the same, but may produce a 20% difference in agreement to a question (The supreme court could.. should.. might.. have forced the breakup of Microsoft Corporation). Strong words that represent control or action, such as prohibit, produce similar results (Do you believe that congress should prohibit insurance companies from raising rates?) Sometimes wording is just biased (You wouldn't want to go to Rudolpho's Restaurant for the company's annual party, would you?)
- Misplaced questions. Questions placed out of order or out of context should be avoided. In general, a funnel approach is advised. Broad and general questions at the beginning of the questionnaire as a warm-up (What kind of restraunts do you most often go to?). Then more specific questions, followed by more general easy-to-answer questions (like demographics) at the end of the questionnaire.
- Mutually non-exclusive response categories. Multiple choice response categories should be mutually exclusive so that clear choices can be made. Non-exclusive answers frustrate the respondent and make interpretation difficult at best.
- Nonspecific questions. Be specific in what you want to know about. For example, "Do you like orange juice?" This is very unclear - do I like what? Taste, texture, nutritional content, Vitamin C, the current price, concentrate, fresh squeezed? "Do you watch TV regularly?" What is regularly?
- Confusing or unfamiliar words. Asking about caloric content, bits, bytes, MBS, and other industry specific jargon and acronyms are confusing. Make sure your audience understands your language level, terminology, and above all, what you are asking.
- Non-directed questions give respondents excessive latitude.
For example, "What suggestions do you have for improving tomato juice?" The question is about taste, but the respondent may offer suggestions about texture, the type of can or bottle, mixing juices, or something related to use as a mixer or in recipes. - Forcing answers. Respondents may not want or are able to provide the information requested. Privacy is an important issue to most people. Questions about income, occupation, finances, family life, personal hygiene, and beliefs (personal, political, religious) can be too intrusive and rejected by the respondent.
- Non-exhaustive listings. Do you have all of the options covered? If you are unsure, conduct a pretest using the "Other (please specify) __________" option. Then revise the question making sure that you cover at least 90% of the respondent answers.
- Unbalanced listings. Unbalanced scales may be appropriate for some situations and biased in others. When measuring alcohol consumption patterns, one study used a quantity scale that made the heavy drinker appear in the middle of the scale with the polar ends reflecting no consumption and an impossible amount to consume. However, we expect all hospitals to offer good care and may use a scale of excellent, very good, good, fair. We do not expect poor care.
- Double barreled questions. Two questions should not be asked in the same question. For example, "What is the fastest and most economic Internet service for you?" The fastest is certainly not the most economical.
- Dichotomous questions. Make sure answers are independent. For example, "Do you think of basketball players as independent agents or as employees of their team?" Some believe that yes, they are both.
- Long questions. Multiple choice questions are the longest and most complex. Free text answers are the shortest and easiest to answer. When you increase the length of questions and surveys, you decrease the chance of receiving a completed response.
- Questions on future intentions. Yogi Berra (famous New York Yankees baseball player) once said that making predictions is difficult, especially when they are about the future. Predictions are rarely accurate more than a few weeks or in some case months ahead.